MIT engineers create battery alternative using cement and carbon black
CategoriesSustainable News

MIT engineers create battery alternative using cement and carbon black

Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed a low-cost energy storage system that could be integrated into roads and building foundations to facilitate the renewable energy transition.

The research team has created a supercapacitor – a device that works like a rechargeable battery – using cement, water and carbon black, a fine black powder primarily formed of pure carbon.

The breakthrough could pave the way for energy storage to be embedded into concrete, creating the potential for roads and buildings that charge electric devices.

Photo of cement and carbon black supercapacitor by MIT researchers
MIT researchers created a set of button-sized supercapacitors. Image courtesy of MIT

Unlike batteries, which rely on materials in limited supply such as lithium, the technology could be produced cheaply using materials that are readily available, according to the researchers.

They describe cement and carbon black as “two of humanity’s most ubiquitous materials”.

“You have the most-used manmade material in the world, cement, combined with carbon black, which is a well-known historical material – the Dead Sea Scrolls were written with it,” said MIT professor Admir Masic.

The research team included Masic and fellow MIT professors Franz-Josef Ulm and Yang-Shao Horn, with postdoctoral researchers Nicolas Chanut, Damian Stefaniuk and Yunguang Zhu at MIT and James Weaver at Harvard’s Wyss Institute.

“Huge need for big energy storage”

They believe the technology could accelerate a global shift to renewable energy.

Solar, wind and tidal power are all produced at variable times, which often don’t correspond with peak electricity demand.  Large-scale energy storage is necessary to take advantage of these sources but is too expensive to realise using traditional batteries.

“There is a huge need for big energy storage,” said Ulm. “That’s where our technology is extremely promising because cement is ubiquitous.”

The team proved the concept works by creating a set of button-sized supercapacitors, equivalent to one-volt batteries, which were used to power an LED light.

They are now developing a 45-cubic-metre version to show the technology can be scaled up.

Calculations suggest a supercapacitor of this size could store around 10 kilowatt-hours of energy, which would be enough to meet the daily electricity usage of a typical household.

This means that a supercapacitor could potentially be incorporated into the concrete foundation of a house for little to no additional cost.

“You can go from one-millimetre-thick electrodes to one-metre-thick electrodes, and by doing so basically you can scale the energy storage capacity from lighting an LED for a few seconds to powering a whole house,” Ulm said.

The researchers suggest that embedding the technology into a concrete road could make it possible to charge electric cars while they are travelling across it, using similar technology to that used in wireless phone chargers.

Battery-powered versions of this system are already being trialled across Europe.

Carbon black key to “fascinating” composite

Supercapacitors work by storing electrical energy between two electrically conductive plates. They are able to deliver charge much more rapidly than batteries but most do not offer as much energy storage.

The amount of energy they are able to store depends on the total surface area of the two plates, which are separated by a thin insulation layer.

The version developed here has an extremely high internal surface area, which greatly improves its effectiveness. This is due to the chemical makeup of the material formed when carbon black is introduced to a concrete mixture and left to cure.

“The material is fascinating,” said Masic. “The carbon black is self-assembling into a connected conductive wire.”

According to Masic, the amount of carbon black needed is very small – as little as three per cent.

The more is added, the greater the storage capacity of the supercapacitor. But this also reduces the structural strength of the concrete, which could be a problem in load-bearing applications.

The “sweet spot” is believed to be around 10 per cent.

The composite material could also be utilised within a heating system, the team suggested. Full details of their findings are due to be published in an upcoming edition of science journal PNAS.

Other attempts at creating large-scale, low-cost energy storage systems include Polar Night Energy’s “sand battery”, which is already servicing around 10,000 people in the Finnish town of Kankaanpää.

The top image is courtesy of Shutterstock.

Reference

MIT students develop concepts for “the next 150-year chair”
CategoriesSustainable News

MIT students develop concepts for “the next 150-year chair”

A chair that can adapt over time and one fabricated with 3D-printed liquid metal are among the designs that students at MIT came up with for The Next 150-year Chair exhibition in collaboration with furniture brand Emeco.

In total five pieces were created for the exhibition, which was a collaboration between American furniture company Emeco and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to conceptualise sustainable furniture pieces.

MIT student projects 150 year chair
Top: students were asked to design sustainable furniture. Photo by Jeremy Bilotti. Above: Amelia Lee designed a chair called The Wable. Photo by Amelia Lee

Called The Next 150-year Chair, the project was carried out via a course at MIT that guided students through a design process with access to Emeco’s manufacturing technology.

The prompt was based on Emeco’s 1006 Navy chair developed in 1944, which has a “150-year lifespan” according to the company.

“Today, a 150-year chair means making something that lasts a long time, which is a great thing to do,” said MIT associate professor Skylar Tibbits. “But the question is whether that will be the same for the next 150 years – should the goal still be to make things that last forever?”

“That’s one approach, but maybe there’s something that could be infinitely recyclable instead or something that’s modular and reconfigurable.”

MIT student projects 150 year chair
The students took a variety of approaches to the prompt. Photo of Faith Jones’ Rewoven Chair

The students each took a different approach to answering the question, and the results featured a number of complete furniture pieces and components.

Masters student María Risueño Dominguez developed a furniture component based on longevity. Her research on furniture consumption and interviews with people involved in the furniture industry resulted in a concept called La Junta – a cast-aluminium joint with multiple different inserts shaped to fit a variety of components.

MIT student projects 150 year chair
Plastics, textiles and metal were used for the designs. Photo of María Risueño Dominguez’s La Junta

Other designers took a materials-focused approach when addressing the prompt.

Amelia Lee, a student at Wellesley taking courses at MIT, developed a product made from a single sheet of recycled HDPE. Modelled on a rocking chair, the piece can be turned on its side to function as a table.

“This chair can last through childhood, from crawling around it to being able to turn it over and play with it,” said Lee.

Zain Karsan took a different approach by aiming to improve metal 3D printing technology for the frames of his chairs.

“This process is an alternative to the slow process rates of traditional metal additive manufacturing wherein molten material is dispensed at high speed in a bed of granular media,” said Karsan. “A series of chair typologies are presented as a proof of concept to explore form and joinery.”

MIT student projects 150 year chair
The projects accounted for style as well as longevity. Photo of Zane Karsan’s Liquid Metal Design

Faith Jones wanted to create a product that did not sacrifice comfort in a search for sustainability. Her ReWoven chair is designed
with an aluminium frame and a recycled cotton sling, weaving the fabric around the aluminium skeleton in a way that would allow for the removal and replacement of the cotton.

Finally, designer Jo Pierre came up with a product aimed at the changes that will likely come as cities grow and become denser. Called Enhanced Privacy, the product is a plastic partition designed for domestic spaces. The hanging sheet of plastic can be filled with water in order to block sound and diffuse light.

The students’ projects were exhibited at Emeco House, the company’s event space in Los Angeles in a converted 1940s sewing shop.

Other exhibitions that push the boundaries of sustainability and novel materials include one in Mexico in collaboration with Space10 with five uses for biomaterials.

MIT has released a number of conceptual designs addressing sustainability including a project that tests the capability of tree forks as load-bearing elements in architectural projects.

The photography is courtesy of MIT. 


Project credits:

MIT: Jeremy Bilotti (Lecturer, Course Author), Skylar Tibbits (Director of Undergraduate
Design), MIT Department of Architecture.
Emeco: Jaye Buchbinder (Head of Sustainability, course lectures and reviews), Gregg
Buchbinder (Chairman, course reviews).
Exhibition design: Jeremy Bilotti, Jaye Buchbinder, Skylar Tibbits.
Students: María Risueño Dominguez, Faith Jones, Zain Karsan, Amelia Lee, Jo Pierre.
Course Support: Lavender Tessmer (Teaching Assistant), Gerard Patawaran
(Photography), Bill McKenna (Fabrication Support)

Reference